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Daniel 5:1-25 ERV. Daniel 5:5-29, Belshazzar is killed when Cyrus of Persia invades Babylon. when conquered by the Medes. Daniel 5:1-4, A handwriting appears on the wall and Belshazzar calls for Daniel who interprets it as a judgement from God. The temple in Jerusalem is completed. He died about 561 and was succeeded by his son Awil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach of 2 Kings). - Daniel 12:13: 538 BC: Cyrus allows the Jews to return to Judea and rebuild the temple in Jerusalem . Belshazzar had been known only from the biblical Book of Daniel (chapters 5, 78) and from Xenophons Cyropaedia until 1854, when references to him were found in Babylonian cuneiform inscriptions. 245 The actual text of Berosus is as follows: After beginning the wall of which I have spoken, Nabuchodonosor fell sick and died, after a reign of forty-three years, and the realm passed to his son Evilmaraduch. Many of the streets were lined with buildings three and four stories high. [45] Otherwise his status and position after Nabonidus's return is never made clear. This implies a twofold difficulty. With what eloquent scorn Daniel declares that Belshazzar, his lords, wives and concubines had drunk wine from these sacred vessels and had praised gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified.278. Belshazzar was killed that night, and the city taken by the Medes and Persians. Norman Porteous, Daniel: A Commentary, p. 76. Darius makes the decree public. 282 Since Prince, who wrote his commentary in 1899, many others have followed the suggestion of Clermont-Ganneau (Journal Asiatique) 1886, that the inscription contained a string of weight names. Prior to and after Belshazzar's regency, surviving texts only contain references to offerings to the king (i.e. This is the interpretation of the thing: MENE; God hath numbered thy kingdom, and finished it. When Nebuchadnezzar died, Daniel was one of the most powerful men in Babylon and doubtless had his own house and was well provisioned for retirement. Belshazzar was evidently in no mood to bargain but was terrified and desperately desired to know the meaning of the writing. 247 See Raymond P. Dougherty, Nabonidus and Belshazzar. This omission, however, was later remedied, as mentioned above, by the discovery of the name of Bel-shar-usur (Belshazzar) on cylinders in which he is called the son of Nabonidus. Nebuchadnezzar dies and is replaced by a succession of short-lived kings. Since the publication of Raymond Doughertys scholarly research .on Nabonidus and Belshazzar, based on the Nabonidus Cylinder and other sources, there is no ground for questioning the general historicity of Belshazzar; and only the details of the scriptural account unverified by extrabiblical sources can be challenged by the critics.247 Montgomery states that the story is unhistorical but nevertheless contains indubitable reminiscences of actual history.248. How old was Daniel when Belshazzar was king? Daniels excellent qualities manifested themselves in an excellent spirit, unusual knowledge and understanding, and the ability to interpret dreams, difficult sentences, and dissolving of doubts, that is, solutions to problems. 5:31 And Darius the Median took the kingdom, being about threescore and two years old. Belshazzar (prince of Bel), the last king of Babylon.In ( Daniel 5:2) Nebuchadnezzar is called the father of Belshazzar.This, of course, need only mean grandfather or ancestor. Having been interpreted to mean divided, it is also understood as a reference to the Aramaic word for Persian, thereby hinting a Persian victory over Babylon. [26] The purpose for this prolonged stay, effectively self-exile, in Tayma are unclear and debated. As Keil expresses it, It is not quite certain what the princely situation is which was promised to the interpreter of the writing That it is not the ordinale of the number third, is, since Havernick, now generally acknowledged.270 However, recent scholarship has tended to confirm the translation the third ruler. Franz Rosenthal, for instance, confidently translates the term one-third (ruler), triumvir.271. Whereas Neriglissar's career as a businessman prior to becoming king can be followed through a trail of surviving business documents, Belshazzar appears to have become a prominent member of the Babylonian oligarchy overnight[18] (Belshazzar, in contrast to his co-conspirators was notably not a member of the old Babylonian aristocracy),[19] not being mentioned in any business documents or private transactions prior to Nabonidus becoming king. 266 Herodotus, History of the Persian Wars, 1:178-83. A. v. 29-30 Belshazzar Died A Sudden Death - "In that night" - While Belshazzar partied, his enemies were encamped around Babylon. See also Keil, p. 179, citing Athenaeus, as does Young, p. 118. 263 Edward B. Pusey, Daniel the Prophet, p. 346. Omissions? Darius used little . E. J. Daniel had a reputation among the Babylonian courts. Discoveries since Keil tend to support Herodotus and Xenophon, although not accounting for Darius the Mede. Thus saith the Lord of hosts; The broad walls of Babylon shall be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be burned with fire (Jer 51:57-58). Instead, in verse 18 he recognizes him as king but then immediately delivers his prophetic message of condemnation. [25] In 546 BC, Cyrus the Great crossed the Tigris to invade Lydia, ostensibly a Babylonian ally, and though Belshazzar took up a defensive position with his army, perhaps expecting a sudden Persian attack against Babylonia itself, no aid was sent to the Lydians, who were swiftly conquered by Cyrus. Then help is sought too late, as in the case of Belshazzar, and the cumulative sin and unbelief which precipitated the crisis in the first place becomes the occasion of downfall. 251 H. H. Rowley, The Historicity of the Fifth Chapter of Daniel, Journal of Theological Studies 32:12. Putting this together, we might expect Belshazzar to have been 40+ at the fall of Babylon when he was slain (539 BC). Against Apion, in Josephus 1:221-25. 5:29-31 Then commanded Belshazzar, and they clothed Daniel with scarlet, and put a chain of gold about his neck, and made a proclamation concerning him, that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom. Daniel 6:6-9, Daniel is spotted by the administrators while he is worshiping the Lord inside his house, and they report him to Darius. If in cuneiform, the vowels would be included. See J. T. Milik, Priere de Nabonide et autres ecrits dun cycle de Daniel, Revue Biblique 63:407-15. No documents are dated to the "reign of Belshazzar", and no documents mention both Belshazzar and Nabonidus as if there was a formal co-regency. Nabonidus also sometimes sent orders to Belshazzar, which Belshazzar was forced to respect and implement. In the seventeenth year of his reign Cyrus advanced from Persia with a large army, and, after subjugating the rest of the kingdom, marched upon Babylonia. 5:1-30) and during whose reign he received two visions (Dan. As he could lease out temple land, this suggests that Belshazzar, in administrative matters, could act with full royal power. The only other similar case is Neriglissar, though Neriglissar lacked royal blood and had not been the intended successor to the throne, and abandoned his estates upon becoming king, seemingly entrusting them to Labashi-Marduk, his crown prince, and a figure of unclear connections called Nabu-sabit-qate. He praises God, and after seven months, his sanity is restored. Merrill F. Unger, Ungers Bible Dictionary, pp. Belshazzar, overcome by sickness, left the palace unobserved during the night through a rear exit. Montgomery, pp. 9. Babylonian chronicles refer to the crown prince being stationed at home in Babylonia with "his army". For other uses, see, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, "Nabonidus, Belshazzar, and the Book of Daniel: an Update", Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belshazzar&oldid=1147589796, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Belshazzar never assumed, and was not allowed to use, the title of king (. This explains why Belshazzar in the lineal descent from Nebuchadnezzar was honored as a coruler under Nabonidus. How old was Belshazzar when Nebuchadnezzar died? The king cried aloud to bring in the astrologers, the Chaldeans, and the soothsayers. Nebuchadnezzar II, also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, (born c. 630died c. 561 bce), second and greatest king of the Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia (reigned c. 605-c. 561 bce). 252 N. W. Porteous, Daniel: A Commentary, p. 76. Daniel read the writing and Belshazzar made him the third ruler in the kingdom. Q. When Nabonidus went into exile (550), he entrusted Belshazzar with the throne and the major part of his army. The effect upon the king and his associates was immediate. 248 James A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel, p. 249. In the midst of this atmosphere of consternation, apprehension, and fear, Daniels countenance alone reflected the deep peace of God founded on confidence in God and His divine revelation. It may even have been Belshazzar who convinced his father to stay away from Babylonia in the first place, fearing a confrontation with the Babylonian oligarchy and clergy over his father's religious beliefs. Belshazzar is not mentioned in building inscriptions, which usually mention the king responsible. Daniel is clothed with scarlet, a chain of gold put about his neck, and a proclamation issued that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom. Belshazzar was not allowed to officiate and oversee the Babylonian. Much has been made of the reference of Belshazzars relationship to Nebuchadnezzar, who is described as his father in verse 2; and even Keil is influenced by this to consider Belshazzar a literal son of Nebuchadnezzar.261 This is not entirely impossible, of course, for as Leupold shows,262 Nabonidus could have married a widow of Nebuchadnezzar who had a son by Nebuchadnezzar who then could be adopted by Nabonidus by way of strengthening his own hold upon the throne. E. G. Kraeling (The Handwriting on the Wall, Journal of Biblical Literature 63 [1944]: 11-18) assuming that five kings are in viewi.e., mene is given twice and the upharsin equals two half-minassuggests that the five kings following Nebuchadnezzar were intended, viz., Evil-Merodach, Neriglissar, Labashi-Marduk, Nabonidus and Belshazzar. The drama of the writing on the wall and its interpretation is now brought to its fulfillment as Belshazzar keeps his promise. 538), using the sacred vessels of the temple, which Nebuchadnezzer had brought from Jerusalem. This would be understandable if she was elderly and the widow of Nebuchadnezzar. Darius notes Daniels good qualities and plans to elevate him to the highest administrative position. Critics, having to recede from their former position that no such person existed, have since centered their attack on the fact that the word king does not occur in connection with Belshazzar on any extant Babylonian records.250 The establishment of Nabonidus as the father of Belshazzar, or at least his stepfather, nullifies most of the critical objections, although Rowley in an extensive discussion maintains stoutly that to call Belshazzar a king must still be pronounced a grave historical error.251, Since Rowley, however, even liberal scholars have tended to accept the explanation that Belshazzar acted as a regent under his father, Nabonidus. 24-26) as holding that only three kings are referred to, viz., Nebuchadnezzar, Evil-Merodach and Belshazzar. [16] The sources suggest that while he was part of the conspiracy, Nabonidus had not intended, nor expected, to become king himself and he was hesitant to accept the nomination. Daniel first reminds Belshazzar that God gave Nebuchadnezzar his great kingdom and the honor that went with it. It was hard for the Babylonians to believe that even the Medes and the Persians who had surrounded their beloved city could possibly breach the fortifications or exhaust their supplies which were intended to be ample for a siege of many years. Nabonidus was absent from Babylon from 553 BC to 543 or 542 BC, in self-imposed "exile" at Tayma in Arabia, for unknown reasons. He eventually led his forces into Arabia, conquering several cities, including the city of Tayma. 208-14. 5:10-12 Now the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: and the queen spake and said, O king live for ever: let not thy thoughts trouble thee, nor let thy countenance be changed. Because his rule was arbitrary and licentious, he was assassinated by Neriglisar after he had reigned only two years. John F. Walvoord, long-time president of Dallas Theological Seminary, was one of the most prominent evangelical scholars of his generation. Among these buildings were the Temple of Bel, an eight-story structure, and the magnificent palace of the king, actually a complex of buildings, which have now been excavated. [43], Regardless of any potential animosity between Nabonidus and Belshazzar, Belshazzar retained the status of crown prince and intended successor, as a handful of documents still reference the "son of the king". One preserved document, which regards the granting of the privilege to cultivate a tract of land belonging to the Eanna temple in Uruk, is virtually identical to similar privileges issued by Nabonidus, though it is specified to have been issued by Belshazzar. 1., and Xenophon, inform us. [12][29] Though this period has often been dubbed a "co-regency", Belshazzar never assumed an official title. 89-93. The outer wall seems to have been only seventeen miles in circumference, instead of about fifty-six as Herodotus claimed, with much fewer towers and gates; and probably even the towers were not more than 100 feet tall. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. After his murder the conspirators held a meeting, and by common consent conferred the kingdom upon Nabonnedus, a Babylonian and one of their gang. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Not only would such a connection explain Nabonidus's rise to the throne (due to his being a member of the royal family), but it would also explain later historical traditions in which Belshazzar is described as Nebuchadnezzar's descendant. Daniel 4:27-37. Drinking bouts such as characterized Babylon were also common among other peoples, such as the Persians. Belshazzar 's surviving heir is his granddaughter, Vashti. For further discussion, see exposition of Daniel 5:25-27. The battle probably took place much as Herodotus records it.286. The inscription on the wall may have appeared like this, MN MN TQL UPRSN. The order of the letters in the Aramaic, of course, would be the reverse of this, that is, from right to left. 3 . It may well be that because of awareness of his ancestry and religious convictions that Daniel had been demoted by Belshazzar himself. Daniel 3:1-6, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuses to pay homage to Nebuchadnezzars golden statue. If the scene can be reconstructed, it is probable that the banquet was illuminated by torches which not only produced smoke but fitful light that would only partially illuminate the great hall. In the Neo-Babylonian Empire, oaths were typically sworn by the king, and several gods, by individuals who were going to conduct various services. He was followed by Neriglissar, also spelled Nergal-shar-usur, a son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar who died in 556 b.c. For the duration of the decade-long absence of his father, Belshazzar served as regent in Babylon. It would have been quite improper for the entire company to keep on talking, especially in these dramatic circumstances, when Daniel was reporting to the king. Almost seventy years have passed since the events of chapter 1 of Daniel. [15] Belshazzar's father came to the throne as a result of a conspiracy that saw the deposition and murder of the previous king, Labashi-Marduk. Daniel 5:30. Who succeeded Belshazzar as king of Babylon? The solution to the problem which the queen suggested was that they invite Daniel the prophet, who had been discovered as a man of wisdom by Nebuchadnezzar, to interpret the writing. The latter relates the story thus, Cyropd., lib. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. And thou his son, O Belshazzar, hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this: But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before thee, and thou, and thy lords, thy wives, and thy concubines, have drunk wine in them; and thou hast praised the gods of silver, and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which see not, nor hear, nor know: and the God in whose hand thy breath is, and whose are all thy ways, hast thou not glorified: Daniels reply to the king is properly called a sermon, and as King says, What a great sermon it is!276 Daniel begins by disavowing any interest in the gifts or rewards which the king offered. They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone. MENE could be considered equivalent to the maneh of Ezekiel 45:12; Ezra 2:69. Daniel 3:13-15, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego continue to refuse to worship Nebuchadnezzars golden statue. 57-59; cf. Cyrus took Babylon, and after giving orders to raze the outer walls of the city, because it resented a very redoubtable and formidable appearance, proceeded to Borsippa to esiege Nabonnedus. If Belshazzar began his reign in 553 b.c, when Nabonidus went to Teima, the visions of chapters 7 and 8 actually occurred about twelve years before the events of chapter 5. The word for doubts ( qitrin) is actually knots, joints, difficult problems. According to the well-known narrative Belshazzar gave a splendid feast in his palace during the siege of Babylon (B.C. At Daniel's request, his three countrymen were also placed in positions of authority as administrators of Babylon. A parallel is found in Daniel 2:27, where Daniel addresses Nebuchadnezzar without formal greeting, and in Daniel 4:19, where Daniel replies to Nebuchadnezzar simply with the expression, My lord. This was hardly a time in any case for Daniel to greet Belshazzar with such an expression as he gave to Darius, O king, live for ever, when as a matter of fact, Belshazzars hours were numbered. Critics of the authenticity and historicity of Daniel accordingly were free to question whether any such person as Belshazzar existed. Nebuchadnezzar's . Belshazzar appears as a central character in the story of Belshazzar's feast in the Biblical Book of Daniel,[4] recognized by scholars as a work of historical fiction. In his reign the walls of Babylon abutting on the river were magnificently built with baked brick and bitumen. Through the deposition of Labashi-Marduk, Belshazzar had positioned himself to become the heir of one of Babylonia's wealthiest families. Since there is little change in the prominent members of Neriglissar's and Labashi-Marduk's former household under Belshazzar, it is probable that Belshazzar becoming the master of the household was met with relatively little opposition. Belshazzar's Impious Feast 1 Later, King Belshazzar held a great feast for a thousand of his nobles, and he drank wine with them. According to Daniel, his countenance changed, that is, changed color and became pale. [41] As Nabonidus's stay in Tayma continued, Belshazzar as became acutely aware of the threat presented by the Achaemenids, as he is recorded as having expended resources at projects in Sippar and nearby defenses. Belshazzar informs Daniel of the inability of all the wise men either to read or to interpret the writing. Nabonidus), but during the period of the regency there are references to both "offerings to the king" and "offerings to the son of the king". The Cross And Christs Suffering For Sins (1 Peter 3:18-22), 6. A handwriting appears on the wall and Belshazzar calls for Daniel who interprets it as a judgement from God. 258 M. E. L. Mallowan, Nimrud, in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, p. 62. He appears on the Bible Timeline Poster right before the fall of Babylon. Midway in the long wall opposite the entrance there was a niche in front of which the king may well have been seated. Daniel read the writing and Belshazzar made him the third ruler in the kingdom. The Verse Account of Nabonidus states that Nabonidus campaigned in Arabia with the "army of Akkad" (possibly referring to troops of Babylonian origin) whereas Belshazzar was entrusted at home with the "army of all the lands" (possibly referring to troops of foreign origin). He's also one of the most well-known Old Testament villains. Daniel 6:26-27, Daniel prays and fasts about what lies ahead and the Jewish peoples indifference to their captivity. [12] As all of these ancient Babylonian documents were written after Babylon was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, they are biased in favor of Cyrus, and against Nabonidus and Belshazzar. Possibly to reassert their faith in their Babylonian gods and to bolster their own courage, this feast in the form of a festival had been ordered. A. Brinkman, Neo-Babylonian Texts in the Archaeological Museum at Florence, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 25:202-9.). When this took place, the Persians who were appointed to that purpose close to the stream of the river, which had now subsided to about the middle of a mans thigh, entered Babylon by this passage. As Belshazzar was drinking his wine, he ordered his servants to bring the gold and silver cups. While the feast was in progress with its drinking of wine and shouting of praises to the gods of Babylon, suddenly there appeared the fingers of a mans hand which wrote on the plastered wall of the palace. Only when Nebuchadnezzar was properly humbled did God restore him to his glory and kingdom. [29][1] The Verse Account of Nabonidus, a biased[13] document probably written after Nabonidus was deposed by Cyrus the Great, states that Nabonidus entrusted Belshazzar with the kingship, but there are no records of Belshazzar assuming the royal title. [56], The broad consensus among scholars is that the Book of Daniel was compiled shortly after the Maccabean Revolt in the 160s BC. Man may have the first word, but God will have the last word. [6] In the story, the conqueror who inherits Babylon is Darius the Mede, but no such individual is known to history, and the invaders were actually Persians. Although such ancient records are notoriously inaccurate and at best are fragmentary, the argument of the critics was that Belshazzar never existed because his name did not appear in any of the ancient records. As Nabonidus was relatively old at the time, his reign could be expected to be brief and transitional, meaning that Belshazzar could expect to inherit the throne within a few years.[23]. Most expositors disagree with Keil, who identifies Belshazzar with Evil-Merodach, preferring the identification of a son of Nabonidus, based on later evidence not available to Keil.255 The identifications of Leupold are more satisfactory.256. Nabonidus fleeing Babylon went to Borsippa but was forced to surrender to Cyrus. . 254 For further discussion of this problem, see Young, pp. The expression drunk wine before the thousand indicates that Belshazzar was probably on a platform at a higher level than other guests and led them in drinking toasts to their deities. Daniel was deported to Babylon (some 900 miles away) when he was sixteen years old. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. Ibid., p. 214. Scholars are not agreed as to the precise meaning of this term, but the suggestion is made that it may be a title for an office of honor which did not necessarily correspond precisely to the meaning of the word. As in the previous instances in Daniel 2 and 4, the wisdom of the world is demonstrated to be totally unable to solve its major problems and to understand either the present or the future. Cf. of natural causes. Belshazzars predicament is another illustration of the insecurity and powerlessness of the rulers of this world when confronted by the power and wisdom of God. All Rights Reserved. As mentioned before, Belshazzar was the grandson of King Nebuchadnezzar. Belshazzar (Balthazar), on the other hand, disappeared from history around 540 BC, when Darius the Great would have been roughly ten years of age. There is a man in thy kingdom, in whom is the spirit of the holy gods; and in the days of thy father light and understanding and wisdom, like the wisdom of the gods, was found in him; whom the king Nebuchadnezzar thy father, the king, I say, thy father, made master of the magicians, astrologers, Chaldeans, and soothsayers; Forasmuch as an excellent spirit, and knowledge, and understanding, interpreting of dreams, and shewing of hard sentences, and dissolving of doubts, were found in the same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar: now let Daniel be called, and he will show the interpretation. Although it is possible to question the historicity of portions of the Prayer of Nabonidus, as it is undoubtedly apocryphal, the consensus of both liberal and conservative scholarship seems to take the account as repeating in the main a true story. Daniel 8:1-12, Belshazzar holds a great feast and uses the holy vessels taken from Jerusalem. TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting. Now, in chapter 5, this prophecy is about to be fulfilled. Daniel 1:1-2, Jeremiah 25:1), Jehoiakim died, and his son Jehoiachin became king (2 Kings 24:6). The whole surrounding territory of the city of Babylon and the related provinces already had been conquered. He was followed by King Belshazzar who ascended the throne in 3387 (374 BCE). 5:24-28 Then was the part of the hand sent from him; and this writing was written. The interpretation of Daniel is clear and much more satisfactory than the alternatives offered by some expositors. Belshazzar may have been the son of the king who is said in the same chronicle to have commanded the Babylonian army in Accad from the 6th to the 11th year of Nabunaid I; or, possibly longer, for the annals before the 6th and after the 11th year are broken and for the most part illegible. For example, in the passage, "As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him" (Amos 5:19), the lion is said to represent Nebuchadnezzar, and the bear, equally ferocious if not equally courageous, is Belshazzar. He promises both to read and to make known the interpretation. Nabonidus also had certain inscriptions made during the period of the regency edited to add prayers urging Belshazzar and the people of Babylonia to accept and receive Sn's blessing. This text indicates that a person known as Bel-sarra-usur was a res sarri, an officer of the king, under Neriglissar who came to the throne in 560 B.C., as had been earlier pointed out in a text YBC 3765:2 published by R. P. Dougherty in 1929 in Nabonidus and Belshazzar, pp. Belshazzar then offers Daniel the same promise he made to the others of being clothed with scarlet and having a chain of gold and the privilege of being the third ruler in the kingdom, that is, the triumvir. Though he is referred to in the Book of Daniel as the son of Nebuchadrezzar, the Babylonian inscriptions indicate that he was in fact the eldest son of Nabonidus, who was king of Babylon from 555 to 539, and of Nitocris, who was perhaps a daughter of Nebuchadrezzar.

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