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Prioritization should ideally be done on a global level, as the consequences of inaction will affect everyone in the long run, regardless of where a resistance factor emerges. (p. 344) Which of the following is NOT a safety mechanism in place to help maintain cell order and decrease the chance of cancer developing in the body? Antimicrobial resistance - WHO 70, 27092717 (2015). N. Y. Acad. Owing to the experimental design, it was possible to demonstrate within species selection by the antibiotics in the soil, although the study authors note that added antibiotic concentrations were higher than under normal fertilization regimens. Cabello, F. C. et al. D. PVD is often fatal in older adults. Environ. B. protozoa B. View the full answer. Cold Spring Harb. Gillings, M. R. et al. Similar concerns apply to culture-based analyses where bacteria are not identified to the species level. You can get your paper edited to read like this. Food Saf. Karkman, A., Prnnen, K. & Larsson, D. G. J. Fecal pollution can explain antibiotic resistance gene abundances in anthropogenically impacted environments. A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. B. Type-1 In this Review, we present our current understanding of the roles of the environment, including antibiotic pollution, in resistance evolution, in transmission and as a mere reflection of the regional antibiotic resistance situation in the clinic. B. cilia D. People with diabetes are less likely to have "silent" heart attacks. Commun. An individual may feel a heavy weight or feeling of pressure in the chest. & Gillings, M. Environmental dimensions of antibiotic resistance: assessment of basic science gaps. Gaze, W. H., Abdouslam, N., Hawkey, P. M. & Wellington, E. M. H. Incidence of Class 1 integrons in a quaternary ammonium compound-polluted environment. D. BRCA1, 90. Which surgical procedure was performed on Marian? Only give antibiotics to animals under veterinary supervision. D. Diets that include red and pink fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for prostate cancer. (p. 323) Which of the following conditions, with sudden onset, is NOT a signal that a stroke has occurred? The second step involves the relocation of the gene to an element that can move autonomously between cells, such as a plasmid or an integrative conjugative element. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. Clin. Still, many naturally occurring stressors also accelerate HGT44. 14, 21792196 (2020). Rev. D. Viruses are able to replicate on their own, 45. Both approaches have advantages over traditional clinical surveillance as they cannot be linked to individuals, and hence the risk of ethical dilemmas is minimized112. BMC Genomics https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2153-5 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01545-5 (2021). Shotgun metagenomics can be used to detect and quantify ARGs, with the main advantage over PCR being that any ARG present in available databases can be identified, also in retrospect. Ancient bacteria of the tzis microbiome: a genomic tale from the Copper Age. Heuer, H. & Smalla, K. Plasmids foster diversification and adaptation of bacterial populations in soil. Microbiome https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0379-y (2017). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. A longer duration of illness and treatment, often in hospitals, increases health care costs as well as the economic burden on families and societies. C. the initiating event agent (p. 350) Which of the following statements regarding lung cancer is FALSE? C. bacteria B. UVA rays But as overall community growth was assessed rather than the growth of individual strains, reduced growth of some strains could easily be compensated by other strains growing more rapidly. (p. 300-301) Most common infectious disease worldwide (p. 327) Which of the following ethnic population groups has the highest rate of hypertension? Incidence and death rates are significantly higher among Black men than White men. Total Environ. The latter is the method of choice of the Global Sewage Surveillance Project115, a large research initiative that covers more than 100 countries. E. Cancer promoter. d. overuse of antibiotics and human evolutionary changes. a) A client with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) tells the nurse, "Sometimes I feel so frustrated. Sci. Not use antibiotics for growth promotion or to prevent diseases in healthy animals. Environmental Pressures on Antibiotic Resistance G7 Health Ministers Declaration, Oxford, 4 June 2021, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/992268/G7-health_ministers-communique-oxford-4-june-2021_5.pdf (2021). C. protozoa A. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. 123,000 Technol. (p. 333) Probably caused by a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors A. Innate immunity Agents Chemother. (p. 336) Which of the following chronic lung diseases is indicated if you have the following symptoms: an ongoing cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness? Although multiple barriers restrict the flow of both bacteria and genes, pathogens recurrently acquire new resistance factors from other species, thereby reducing our ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Ecol. 445446, 306313 (2013). C. pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body. A. Secondhand tobacco smoke increases the risk of heart disease. Parnanen, K. M. M. et al. Environ. D. Bacteria can share resistant genes with other bacteria. A. Colon cancer is the third most common cause of cancer death. Selective concentrations for trimethoprim resistance in aquatic environments. In principle, all, some or none of the evolutionary steps could occur in the external environment. E. Hemorrhagic stroke, 15. C. nasal hairs CAS Pollut. Schulz, F. et al. The person is said to have C. Hispanic Which of the following statements regarding bacteria and viruses is false? This chain of events is very difficult to trace back, and also to study in controlled experiments. 92. Google Scholar. 112, 279286 (2018). Science-based targets for antibiotics in receiving waters from pharmaceutical manufacturing operations. Rev. Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic resistance? The overuse and misuse of antibiotics are key factors leading to antibiotic resistance. Managing pollution from antibiotics manufacturing: charting actors, incentives and disincentives. Antibiotics and antifungals save lives, but their use can encourage the emergence of bacterial strains that . Lancet Infect. A. The first can be the association of a chromosomal ARG (red) with, for example, insertions sequences (ISs; green), which provide intracellular mobility. Discov. B. A. HDL levels are mainly determined by genetics. C. The risk of transmission from mother to child can be significantly reduced by the use of antiretroviral medication during pregnancy and delivery. Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations. Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes impossible, to treat. Baquero, F., Coque, T. M., Martnez, J.-L., Aracil-Gisbert, S. & Lanza, V. F. Gene transmission in the one health microbiosphere and the channels of antimicrobial resistance. The transferable resistome of produce. Resistance mechanisms - Antibiotic resistance - ReAct Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Infect. Insulin resistance is also the main feature of metabolic syndrome, which is a set of features that link excess fat around the waist and insulin resistance to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and Type 2 diabetes. B. hepatitis C & Hughes, D. Persistence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Trends Microbiol. 25, 173181 (2017). Soil Sci. Although the most critical form of selection for the evolution of resistance is between strains within species (largest niche overlap), transmission risks for a given resistant pathogen can increase as a consequence of both within-species and between-species selection. 6, a025197 (2016). Dis. Rev. D. protozoa. Murray, A. K. et al. CAS Environ. Razavi, M., Kristiansson, E., Flach, C.-F. & Larsson, D. G. J. Bengtsson-Palme, J. Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage analysis. D. All symptoms occur in all cases; they are just not always recognized. Environ. WHO is supporting Member States to develop national action plans on antimicrobial resistance, based on the global action plan. Waglechner, N. & Wright, G. D. Antibiotic resistance: its bad, but why isnt it worse? B. 147, 729740 (2019). J. Environ. Without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill. 79. 77. Long-read sequencing of DNA from bacterial communities might overcome some challenges in placing ARGs into context135, as short-read assemblies of ARG-containing contigs from complex metagenomes are notoriously uncertain. & Prabakar, K. Extracellular DNA (eDNA): neglected and potential sources of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in the aquatic environments. & Graham, D. W. Evidence of increasing antibiotic resistance gene abundances in archived soils since 1940. 3 million Total. Cold Spring Harb. Int. D. lung. B. basal cell (p. 289) Megan suffers from candidiasis, a vaginal yeast infection. The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are Environ. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria. With some exceptions, environmental concentrations of antibiotics are low, much lower than the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and most often lower than concentrations predicted (or shown) to select for resistant strains in the laboratory63,64. In addition, it is also a possibility that ARGs present in faecal bacteria that are introduced into the environment could contribute to clinically relevant evolution of resistance by being transferred horizontally in one or several steps to pathogens, which might ultimately infect humans. To obtain Culture-based assays often suffer from only one or a few species within a community being studied at a time. The consequences of each transmission event are limited, and the risks are in principle quantifiable. Chemother. These distinct objectives are also best informed by analyses of different environmental matrices, as outlined recently116. C. Aneurysm 461462, 480498 (2013). Kraupner, N. et al. Mechanisms of Resistance The Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance has 5 strategic objectives: A political declaration endorsed by Heads of State at the United Nations General Assembly in New York in September 2016 signalled the worlds commitment to taking a broad, coordinated approach to address the root causes of antimicrobial resistance across multiple sectors, especially human health, animal health and agriculture. Environ. Long-term application of Swedish sewage sludge on farmland does not cause clear changes in the soil bacterial resistome. Technol. 56. Technol. 49, 18021807 (2005). 126, 7987 (2017). Some environments are probably more likely than others to provide the various genetic elements typically involved in mobilization and transfer of ARGs, either through the presence of faecal bacteria known to often carry such elements or possibly because the conditions (including reoccurring stress) favour frequent gene exchanges37,38. B. C. coronary artery bypass grafting Pneumonia D. smoking. Role of environmental poliovirus surveillance in global polio eradication and beyond. C. Carcinoma Sci. The scourge of antibiotic resistance: the important role of the environment. (p. 344) A cancer that originates from a cell of epithelial origin Antibiotic Resistance | Biology for Majors II A. phagocytes Antimicrobial Resistance Questions and Answers | Antibiotic Use | CDC Sci. Epidemiol. 276, 25212530 (2009). Wang, J., Chu, L., Wojnrovits, L. & Takcs, E. Occurrence and fate of antibiotics, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in municipal wastewater treatment plant: an overview. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00158 (2011). Three major factors determine this crisis: (1) the increasing frequency of AMR phenotypes among microbes is an evolutionary response to the widespread use of antimicrobials; (2) the large and globally connected human population allows pathogens in any environment access to all of humanity; and (3) the extensive and often unnecessary use of D. Asian American, 72. ISSN 1740-1534 (online) The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, genetic mutations in the bacteria, the transfer of resistant genes between bacteria, and the lack of development of new antibiotics. Microbiol. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Boulund, F., Fick, J., Kristiansson, E. & Larsson, D. G. J. Hepatitis C Sci. (p. 349) The leading cause of cancer death is attributed to what type of cancer? Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. & Davies, R. Co-selection of resistance to antibiotics, biocides and heavy metals, and its relevance to foodborne pathogens. The environment has a role both in evolution and transmission of resistance, possibly more so than has generally been recognized11,12,13,14,15,16. The chief disadvantage, even with short reads, is the limitation in sensitivity139. Question 7 ( 1 point ) The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are A Question 7 options : A ) the frequency of resistance genes among bacteria , and antibiotic overuse . Nonetheless, the benefits from being able to delay or prevent their emergence can be substantial. Gullberg, E. et al. Such transfer events may occur either in the environment or within the human or domestic animal microbiota. B. Malignant tumor Crit. 1. Stanton, I. C., Murray, A. K., Zhang, L., Snape, J. Dantas, G., Sommer, M. O. Sewage surveillance to assess the clinical resistance situation probably also has its greatest future potential in LMICs being less resource-demanding than traditional clinical surveillance systems. 33, 296300 (2015). The ultimate concern with antibiotic pollution is that it will contribute to the evolution of new, successful, resistant genotypes in pathogens, causing difficult-to-treat infections and eventually higher morbidity and mortality. The general public, health care providers and hospitals all can help ensure correct use of the drugs. Sci. High levels of antibiotic resistance found worldwide, new data shows, Stop using antibiotics in healthy animals to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance, The world is running out of antibiotics, WHO report confirms, Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee. 72, 27222728 (2017). Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Franz, E., Schijven, J., De Roda Husman, A. M. & Blaak, H. Meta-regression analysis of commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli survival in soil and water. Women in the United States and Canada are not routinely offered HIV testing during pregnancy, but they should request it if they feel they are at risk. B. only melanoma A. the tissue in which a cancer originates or the primary site One of the main causes of resistant bacteria is the abuse of antibiotics. Personal Health - Chapter 13 Flashcards | Quizlet D. Chest X-rays are recommended as a routine screening test for lung cancer. D. alcohol use. D. Squamous cell cancers occur most frequently on the scalp, back of hands, tops of ears, and the lower lip. A. host Conceptual illustration of how evolution leading to the emergence of a new antibiotic resistance gene (ARG; red) in pathogens can involve the environment and/or the human/domestic animal microbiota to different extents. SCC Chapter 13 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet C. Carcinoma Zhu, Y.-G. et al. C. Change sheets frequently. Shaping mitigation strategies places additional demands on recognizing what is feasible from, for example, political, economic and geographical standpoints. B. chlamydia. This may be achieved by comparing ratios of resistant strains versus non-resistant strains after exposure to different concentrations of antibiotics (given that costs are independent of the exposure concentration), rather than comparing ratios before exposure with those after exposure. Physiol. Manaia, C. M. Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk. c. 35 PLoS ONE 7, e34953 (2012). Berglund, F. et al. Environ. D. pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. 28, 25222527 (2009). & Hughes, D. Antibiotic resistance and its cost: is it possible to reverse resistance? Swedish Procurement Agency. Other biotic and abiotic factors, such as temperature, oxygen pressure, nutrients, predation, and competition with other species, all unrelated to the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacteria, are likely to be much more important for environmental transmission opportunities for both resistant and non-resistant strains. C. Smoking effects appear to decrease about 10 years after tobacco use is stopped. Sci. Article D. human papillomavirus, 66. (p. 298) The main factors believed to influence bacterial resistance are A. poor hand washing, and frequency of resistance genes among bacteria. Begin using condoms within the first year of having intercourse. The fourth step, which may occur at any time in the process, is the physical transfer of the bacterium carrying the ARG to the human or domestic animal microbiota, an ability described by the term ecological connectivity39. Plant species-dependent increased abundance and diversity of IncP-1 plasmids in the rhizosphere: new insights into their role and ecology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01728 (2016). B. echocardiogram Hendriksen, R. S. et al. DIGITAL FIRST. FEMS Microbiol. Microbiome 5, 5 (2017). Which of the following statements regarding tuberculosis is false. However, it has been shown that fresh produce often carries various resistant bacteria with diverse mobile elements100,101,102. Strengthen policies, programmes, and implementation of infection prevention and control measures. Meaning of main factor. Given what is at stake, there could be good reasons also to take specific actions to reduce the risk for evolution of resistance, despite large uncertainties.

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