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Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. [140] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country - ThoughtCo * Number of Jews who lived in Europe before 1933: Approximately 9.5 million, 60 percent of the world's Jews Holocaust Facts: The Rescues Holocaust Facts: Prominent Museums, Archives and Research Institutions 6 Million - Where Is the Figure From? See also: Austria-Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Treaty of Trianon, and Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. [332], The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[333] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. By fall 1941, most Jews were confined to a ghetto, the largest one in Minsk, where about 70,000 Jews were interned. Between 15 May and early July 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported, mostly to Auschwitz, where most of them were murdered by gas; there were four transports a day, each carrying 3,000 people. Of this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. [92] German plans for Poland included expelling non-Jewish Poles from large areas, settling Germans on the emptied lands,[93] sending the Polish leadership to camps, denying the lower classes an education, and confining Jews. [328] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. [371] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. Of the 23,000 people who passed through the "Gypsy" camp at Auschwitz, 21,000 died - of starvation, ill-health or were murdered in the gas chambers or by other means. [283], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. Note (1)"Other" includes, for example, persons killed in shooting operations in Poland in 19391940; as partisans in Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France or Belgium; in labor battalions in Hungary; during antisemitic actions in Germany and Austria before the war; by the Iron Guard in Romania, 19401941; and on evacuation marches from concentration camps and labor camps in the last six months of World War II. "[374] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" [124] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. [280] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. [43], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [34] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". [411] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. "The Jews have deserved the catastrophe that has now overtaken them," Goebbels wrote in his diary in 1942. Nazis murdered a quarter of Europe's Roma, but history still overlooks Drive the female Jews into the swamps. It broke down during the last year and a half of the war. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. There are three obvious and interrelated reasons for the lack of a single document: Only one comprehensive statistical study conducted on behalf of SS chief Heinrich Himmler survived the war. [400] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. Often, these ghettos existed only for a short period of weeks or days, and they primarily served to gather Jews in preparation of genocide. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. The four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust also were included in a recent Pew Research Center survey of U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. [356] Close to 90% of all Jews in Poland, Lithuania and Greece were murdered. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. All of these countries were under no formal German occupation and maintained complete domestic administrations. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. U.S. adults who say they have visited a Holocaust memorial or museum (27% of all respondents) correctly answer 2.9 questions right out of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust. [82] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [84], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. [270] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. [272] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[273] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. Twenty-five percent believed fewer than 1 million Jews were killed, and 12% put the number of Jewish deaths in the Holocaust at less than 100,000. Their records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed - generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [191] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. [62] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." Overall, the teens display lower levels of knowledge about the Holocaust than their elders do. [195] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. Prewar estimates for the latest year available (1937-1941). The Holocaust knowledge questions were designed to measure some basic facts about the Holocaust, including when it happened and who it involved. [409] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. 1993. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [375][376] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. Copy no. [137] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[138] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. "[27], Roland Freisler (Ministry of Justice); Friedrich Wilhelm Kritzinger (Reich Cabinet); Alfred Meyer (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories-German-occupied USSR); Georg Leibrandt (Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories); Martin Luther (Foreign Office); Wilhelm Stuckart (Ministry of the Interior); Erich Neumann (Office of Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan), Josef Bhler (Office of the Government of the Governor General-German-occupied Poland); Gerhard Klopfer (Nazi Party Chancellery). [m] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. This may reflect disparities in education. All Jews must be shot. In 1939, there were 16.6 million Jews worldwide, and a majority of them - 9.5 million, or 57% - lived in Europe, according to DellaPergola's estimates. These countries were not necessarily signatories of the Tripartite Pact (Finland) and signatories of the Tripartite Pact were not necessarily allies of Germany (Slovakia and Croatia were puppet states). 02/21/2021. After the United States entry into the war, it was banned from sending relief into German-occupied Europe, but continued to do so. [69] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. By the outbreak of war in September 1939 however, according to some estimates, as many as 126,445 Jews had departed Austria. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. The four multiple-choice questions also were included in a separate survey of approximately 1,800 U.S. teens (ages 13 to 17). Forty-one percent of millennials believe 2 million or fewer Jews were killed in the Holocaust. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[131] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. [305] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. [288] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. While the question wording was similar, Pew Research Centers question included five response options listed from smallest to largest: Less than 1 million, approximately 3 million, approximately 6 million, more than 12 million or not sure. The AJC study and the Holocaust Knowledge and Awareness Study each included six response options listed from largest to smallest: 20 million, 6 million, 2 million, 1 million, 100,000 and 25,000. (The AJC study included a dont know option, while the Knowledge and Awareness Study included other and not sure options.) Disturbed by what. [312] Jews also joined Polish forces, including the Home Army. Over one-third of the Soviet Union's Jews perished; France lost around 25 percent of its Jewish community, while Italy between 15% and 20%. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust & Nazi Persecution, Bormann Relays Hitler Order Banning Reference to Final Solution (1943), Eichmann on Deportations from Western Europe, Exchange of Letters Concerning the "Final Solution", Himmler Orders Completion of the Final Solution, Himmler Reports on Executions in the East, Hitler Bans Public Reference to The Final Solution, Revelations on the Extermination of the Jews, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. [81] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. According to the American Jewish Committee's 2021 annual survey, nearly 40 percent of American Jews have reported changing their behavior in fear of being victimized, a trend that makes sense. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, [a] was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. By comparison, those who have never visited a Holocaust memorial or museum answer 2.0 questions right, on average. At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. [91], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". One Man's Journey to ID Death March Victims * Jews estimated murdered in the Holocaust: 6 million [297] Polish and Jewish accounts stated that hundreds or thousands of Germans had been killed,[298] while the Germans reported 16 dead. [392], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. [33] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [51] The camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not support the regime. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union have used most of these documents at one time or another as exhibits in criminal or civil proceedings against Nazi offenders. [405] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany, "Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. The single most important thing to keep in mind when attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. The actual number was probably between 1.1 million and 1.5 million-and at least 90 percent of the victims were Jews. [123] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that between 72,900 and 74,000 Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in France. [271] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. Overall, the average respondent correctly answers about half (2.2) of the four multiple-choice Holocaust knowledge questions. [391] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. The new data is based on a survey of 10,971 U.S. adults conducted in February 2019. [50] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. [193] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. [120] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. The statistics show that since 1948, the world's Jewish population has increased by 26 percent, while the general population of the globe has increased from 2.5 billion to 7.5 billion a. [264] As the mass shootings continued in Russia, Himmler and his subordinates in the field feared that the murders were causing psychological problems for the SS,[265] and began searching for more efficient methods. Holocaust Memorial Museum. [367], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. Mainline Protestants, Mormons, Catholics, evangelical Protestants and Americans who describe their religion as nothing in particular correctly answer about half of the questions, while members of the historically black Protestant tradition get one out of four right, on average. Like adults, more teens know when the Holocaust occurred (57%) and what Nazi-created ghettos were (53%) than know how many Jews were killed during the Holocaust (38%) or how Hitler became chancellor of Germany (33%). Documenting the Holocaust: Examples of Documents. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. Towards the end of the war, the Nazis and their collaborators attempted to destroy much of the existing documentation and other physical evidence. [410] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan, and on 11 December, Germany declared war on the United States. On the eve of the Holocaust, Polish Jews made up some 10 percent of the young country's population and approximately one-third of the residents of the capital city, Warsaw. "[232] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. [200] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. Murder of the Jews of Poland - Yad Vashem According to Yad Vashem, some 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland on the eve of the Sept. 1, 1939 German invasion, and only 380,000 survived the war. No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. The event, titled "Day to Remember An . Marcus Tanner states that the "SS complained that at least 5,000 Jews were still alive in the NDH and that thousands of others had emigrated, by buying 'honorary Aryan' status". Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". Similarly, an overwhelming majority of agnostics (87%), Jews (86%) and atheists (84%) know that ghettos were parts of a town or city where Jews were forced to live. [185][186] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [329] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [83] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. Likewise, several regional compilations of such gruesome data were among the records captured by US, British, and Soviet forces after World War II. TTY: 202.488.0406, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center, around 7 million (including 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians, who are included in the 6 million figure for Jews), around 3 million (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers), around 1.8 million (including between 50,000 and 100,000 members of the Polish elites), Serb civilians (on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina), People with disabilities living in institutions, Repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials, German political opponents and resistance activists in Axis-occupied territory, hundreds, possibly thousands (possibly also counted in part under the 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and so-called asocials noted above), Auschwitz complex (including Birkenau, Monowitz, and subcamps), Shooting operations at various locations in central and southern German-occupied Poland (the Government General), Shooting operations in German-annexed western Poland (District Wartheland), Deaths in other facilities that the Germans designated as concentration camps, Shooting operations and gas wagons at hundreds of locations in the German-occupied Soviet Union, Shooting operations in the Soviet Union (German, Austrian, Czech Jews deported to the Soviet Union), Shooting operations and gas wagons in Serbia, Shot or tortured to death in Croatia under the Ustaa regime. EuroDocs. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[388] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. By Marisa Thomas. [292] Raul Hilberg accounted for this by evoking the history of Jewish persecution: compliance might avoid inflaming the situation until the onslaught abated. [373] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. In just a few horrifying years, the global population of Jews had fallen by more than a third. After Belgium's surrender, the country was ruled by a German military governor, Alexander von Falkenhausen, who enacted anti-Jewish measures against its 90,000 Jews, many of them refugees from Germany or Eastern Europe. A 100-year-old Holocaust survivor, who lived through 12 Nazi concentration camps during World War II, will share his story at the Chabad of Poway. [302], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. According to the Pew study, which polled 10,971 US adults in February 2019, just 45% of US adults know that six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. There are modest differences in levels of knowledge about the Holocaust based on gender, race and ethnicity, age, and region. One possible reason that men correctly answer more religious knowledge questions than women do is that. [266] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[267] and in Yugoslavia. Hungary, Bohemia, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Netherlands and Latvia lost over 70 percent of their Jewish populations. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. [132][133][134], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. Among these groups were Communists, Socialists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and gay men. [196] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). [229] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. [362] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [330] Army leaders and economic managers complained about this diversion of resources and the killing of skilled Jewish workers,[331] but Nazi leaders rated ideological imperatives above economic considerations.

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