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Brentwood Elementary Staff, Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. the taylor rule for the federal funds rate implies that the central bank is concerned with. Explain how the out-group homogeneity effect and in-group bias [ethnocentrism] can lead to prejudicial attitudes: Two important patterns characterize our views of in-groups versus out-groups. the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. The blaming the victim explanatory pattern is reinforced by the hindsight bias. just-word hypothesis. "If you really loved me, you would be able to satisfy me sexually."d. Example: A person claims that he knew that the outcome of a particular is going to happen opposite the way he describes earlier. Some countries encourage movements in their exchange rate relative to those of some other country as a short-term means of addressing foreign trade imbalances. The results? the interaction of biology and experience. As a result, speakers tend to overestimate the clarity of their message while listeners tend to overestimate their understanding of ambiguous messages. In this way, aggression was transformed from being inexcusable and inhumane into a virtuous act of patriotism. a. investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment, involves you as a social being that has been shaped by your interactions with others and by the social environments, including the culture, in which you operate, refers to how we form impressions of other people how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, focuses on how our behavior is affected by other people and by situational factors, refers to the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of other people, the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics, refer to these deliberate, conscious mental processes involved perception, judgments, decisions, and reasoning, to describe the mental processes associated with automatic, non-conscious social evaluations, the process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior, including your own, the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors, the innocent victim of a crime, disaster, or serious illness is blamed for having somehow caused the misfortune or for not having taken steps to prevent it, the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome, a strong need to believe that the world is fair -- that we get what we deserve and deserve what we get, when people credit themselves for their success and blame their failures on external circumstances, a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way, an unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when there's an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, a negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group, a cluster of characteristics that are attributed to members of a specific social group or category, refers to the group or groups to which we belong, refers to groups of which we are not a member, the tendency to see members of the out-group as much more similar to one another, even in areas that have little to do with the criteria for group membership, the belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others, evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, and difficult to control, when you adjust your opinions, judgment, or behavior so that it matches other people, or the norms of a social group or situation, our desire to be liked and accepted by the group, looking to the group as a source of accurate information, the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command, when we help another person with no expectation of personal benefit, any behavior that helps another person whatever the underlying motive, people are much more likely to help when they are alone and if other people are present, helping behavior declines, the responsibility to intervene is shared among all the unlookers, people tend to expend less effort on collective tasks than they do when performing the same task alone, when a task is relatively simple or well rehearsed, the presence of other people tends to enhance individual performance, refers to the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose numbers feel annoymous, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, AP Psychology Vocabulary From the Book: Socia. Hindsight bias | Definition, Psychology, & Examples | Britannica The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly, Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on, The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are, People who have low MAOA gene expression have been identified as those who are, The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, sometimes called the warrior gene, When a leader of a caged monkey colony became threatening, one small monkey, learned to push the control button, which reduced this behavior by activating the. A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or . Test Prep. Solved The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have - Chegg D. Pennington; Psychology. A)the tendency, in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributing their behavior to internal, personal characteristics.B)the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.C)the tendency to take credit for our successes by attributing them to internal personal causes.D)the tendency in collectivistic cultures to blame ourselves for our failures, while downplaying our successes. b. in collectivistic cultures to blame oneself for one's failures, while downplaying one's successes. Because no one person feels all the pressure to respond, each bystander becomes less likely to help. f(t)=1+2cos[3(t3)]f(t)=-1+2 \cos \left[\frac{\pi}{3}(t-3)\right] Critical thinking is a crucial skill in psychology as it allows individuals to evaluate and analyze information objectively, make informed decisions, and arrive at logical conclusions. 10+ million students use Quizplus to study and prepare for their homework, quizzes and exams through 20m+ questions in 300k quizzes. "It was bound to happen," he said. In-groups and out-groups aren't necessarily limited to racial, ethnic, or religious boundaries. Uploaded By beforemalone. . 151. What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study? Multiple elements combined to create the conditions for brutality, including in-group versus out-group thinking, negative stereotypes, dehumanization, and prejudice. this example illustrates: When Yoshiko's hard work and ability landed a big contract for her company, she would not accept the credit, insisting it was pure luck. Because the detainees were presumed to be potential terrorists, the guards were led to believe that it was their duty to mistreat them in order to help extract useful information. Thus, the subjects could believe that they were not responsible for the consequences of their actions. The tendency to overestimate one 's ability predict the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame a person faced with misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. Hindsight bias is the tendency: A) in individualistic cultures, to explain the behavior of other people by attributingtheir behavior to internal, personal characteristics. What is implied by stimulus generalization? The hindsight bias, or the "knew-it-all-along"_ effect, refers to the tendency of people, after an event, to overestimate the likelihood that they correctly would have predicted the outcome's occurrence had they been asked in advance (Arkes, Faust, Guilmette, & Hart, 1988). A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or psychology. The tendency, after an event has occurred to think the outcome was predictable. D) unconscious patronization. Sherif successfully demonstrated how hostility between groups could be created and, more important, how that hostility could be overcome. The fan may say, "I knew that was a bad play." Experiment I The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: . They found participants rarely had accurate expectations of benefits and harms, and for many interventions, they had a tendency to overestimate benefits and underestimate harms. Because individualistic cultures tend to emphasize independence, self-expression, and standing out from the crowd, the whole notion of conformity tends to carry a negative connotation while it does not in collectivistic cultures. In the case of Kitty Genovese, the lack of intervention by any of the witnesses may have signaled the others that intervention was not appropriate, wanted, or needed, (2) Being in a big city or a very small town, (3) Vague or ambiguous situations, and (4) When the personal costs for helping outweigh the benefits. "It was bound to happen," he said. Our behavior is guided by social norms which are the "rules," or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation. Thus, we often rely on the reactions of others to help us define a situation and guide our response to it. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would . Describe the "Robbers Cave" study and discuss the implications of this research to develop prejudice between groups as well as to aid with overcoming prejudice between the same two groups: The study was conducted by Muzafer Sherif and it helped clarify the conditions that produce intergroup conflict and harmony. just-word hypothesis. The tendency to focus on evidence that supports our beliefs, and ignore evidence that inconsistent with our beliefs Confirmation bias V Availability heuristic 3. attribution errors and Milgrams research on obedience to. They also accepted compensation on their arrival, which may have increased their sense of having made a commitment to cooperate with the experimenter. Three keys to an enduring companionate love include: An increase in __________________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between, When conflicts between parties become intense, a third-party mediator will try to help these, Davids history teacher asked him why so many German people complied. The tendency to assume higher competence among more-attractive people is a good example. But when your behavior cannot be easily justified, how can you resolve the contradiction and eliminate the unpleasant state of dissonance? Research has confirmed that knowing what to do and being physically capable of helping contributes greatly to the decision to help someone else, and (6) A personalized relationship. Perhaps tension between racial groups might decrease if cooperation replaced competition. If you can easily rationalize your behavior to make it consistent with your attitude, then any dissonance you might experience can be quickly and easily resolved. In these situations, you are simultaneously holding two conflicting cognitions: your original attitude versus the realization your behavior contradicts that attitude. review quiz chapter 11 Flashcards | Chegg.com Define the concepts of bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility, and explain how these and other factors decrease the likelihood of a bystander coming to the aid of a stranger [played a role in the death of Kitty Genovese]: Factors that decrease the likelihood of a bystander coming to the aid of a stranger: (1) The presence of other people - In general, people are much more likely to help when they are alone. , knows what I want by now."b. The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: . In every case, the teacher was reassured that the experimenter was responsible for the learner's well-being. 04/29/2021 Social Studies High School answered Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. Other researchers joined the effort to understand what factors influence a person's decision to help another. People who feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate are more likely to help others, (2) Feeling guilty. Find the points of intersection (if any) of the given pair of curves and draw the graphs. In new growth theory, the source of economic growth is ________. When the attractive person's eye gaze is shifted away from the viewer, activity in those areas decreases. Hindsight bias: In psychology, the term hindsight bias refers to the tendency of a person to overestimate his or her ability to predict a particular outcome that couldn't perhaps have been predicted. the jigsaw puzzle technique: Elliot Aronson tried adapting the results of the Robbers Cave experiments to a very different group situationa newly integrated elementary school. "Ill make sure that you are always sexually satisfied."c. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." He discovered that YES, people WOULD conform a majority of the time to the group even if the group opinion was wrong. These biases can affect how individuals process information, interpret data, and make decisions. 259. the hindsight bias. Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. Explicit Cognition refer to deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning of other people. People overestimate this tendency to claim. Not surprisingly, ethnocentric thinking contributes to the formation of negative stereotypes about other cultures whose customs differ from our own. Attraction. When Eileen told her father that someone had stolen her new cell phone at school,he said that she should have known better than to take her phone to school. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. This can lead to excessive trading, excessive risk-taking, and ultimately, suboptimal investment outcomes.. In other words, deliberately categorizing people. The hindsight bias involves the tendency people have to assume that they knew the outcome of an event after the outcome has already been determined. Ex. In other words, we behave according to the situation we are in. First is our desire to be liked and accepted by the group, which is referred to as normative social influence. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. What Are Some Common Biases That Can Interfere With Critical Thinking Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Explain role of physical appearance cues and in particular physical attractiveness impact person perception and social categorization: Physical appearance cues play an important role in person perception and social categorization. Question 23 Hindsight bias is the tendency: Selected Answer: [None Given] Correct Answer: after an event has occurred to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. This best illustrates. The situations in which we interact with people also affect attraction. First, when we describe the members of our in-group, we typically see them as being quite varied, despite having enough features in common to belong to the same group. The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: . You can safely predict that: the results of the female-only study will probably be the same as the male-only study. Cognitive dissonance commonly occurs in situations in which you become uncomfortably aware that your behavior and your attitudes are in conflict. Sherif and his fellow researchers created a series of situations in which the two groups would need to cooperate to achieve a common goal. Identify the factors that influence conformity, including normative and informational social influence, and explain how culture affects conformity: There are two basic reasons that people conform. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." One form of in-group bias is called ethnocentrismthe belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others. Which of the following is NOT a common attributional bias or explanatory pattern? The tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome is called: answer. . Define Zimbardo's concept of cognitive dissonance and explain how it affects our behaviors and attitudes: Cognitive dissonance is an unpleasant state of psychological tension (dissonance) that occurs when there's an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions). Hindsight bias; blaming the victim Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later Choose question tag Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A decision-making strategy that involves evaluating all of the options one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important, and discarding an option if it doesn't meet that criterion, is called the _____ model. Presented with two opposing predictions, most people are . People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would . Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. Self-serving bias is when we have a tendency to take credit for our successes by attributing them to internal, personal causes, along with a tendency to distance ourselves from our failures by attributing them to external, situational causes. Group of answer choices. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate Pretending to be camp counselors and staff, the researchers observed the boys' behavior under carefully orchestrated conditions. (5) The physical and psychological separation from the learner - Several "buffers" distanced the subject from the pain that he was inflicting on the learner. In other words, the more attractive = the more benefits you receive in life. (3) The gradual, repetitive escalation of the task. Hindsight bias is colloquially known as the "I knew it all along phenomenon." It is a type of confirmation bias. In general, the more familiar a person is, the more we tend to like them. Then sketch the graph of f(t)f(t)f(t). This example illustrates: Althoughthe_____iscommoninindividualisticcultures,suchasAustraliaandtheUnitedStates, in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan and China, the _____ is more common. Despite hearing protests from the learner in another room, two-thirds of the subjects continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level. List some conditions under which our attitude will most likely influence/determine your behavior: When you feel strongly about an issue, have a personal stake in the issue, and anticipate a positive outcome in a particular situation, your attitudes will influence your behavior. Nadine is a casual dresser who loves wearing jeans and hates worrying about clothes. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. d. During the financial crisis in 2008, the Federal Reserve began injecting the banking system with massive amounts of liquidity, and at the same time, very little lending occurred. True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? Familiarity is another predictor of attraction and liking. Hindsight Bias in Beliefs and Behaviors - Verywell Mind Define the concept of social categorization and define the associated terms of; explicit cognition and implicit cognition as a process of social categorization: Social Categorization is the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics. But when the final grades in the course were curved and she received an A-, she concluded that she had a real talent and mental capacity for logical scientific thinking. Listed are 29 ages for Academy Award-winning best actors in order from smallest to largest. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate. Psychology Chapters 7-14 Flashcards | Quizlet When prejudice is displayed behaviorally it is called: answer attitude People who know the outcome of an event tend to overestimate their own prior knowledge or others' nave knowledge of the event. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. c. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". Stereotypes are closely related to another tendency in person perception.

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