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Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. Crucially, the Prayer Book dealt with the bread and wine of the communion service. The "Jacobean consensus" was shattered, and the Church of England began defining itself less broadly. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. Henry VIII officially broke with the Catholic Church in Rome in 1534 by passing the First Act of Supremacy, making himself head of a new Church of England. The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 CE (made law in 1571 CE) were the final part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The 1662 prayer book mandated by the 1662 Act of Uniformity was a slightly revised version of the previous book. The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. Yes and no. Others refused to conform. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. How did the Elizabethan settlement affect the reformation in England? The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from the "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". Even this was possible only through political intrigue. Elizabethan Religious Settlement Religion became a very divisive factor in people's lives in England when Protestant ideas challenged the dominance of the Catholic Church of Rome. [13] At the same time, he calls the idea that the prayer book modifications were concessions to Catholics "absurd", writing that "these little verbal and visual adjustments" would never satisfy Catholic clergy and laity after the loss of "the Latin mass, monasteries, chantries, shrines, gilds and a compulsory celibate priesthood". Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the Great Ejection. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. Elizabeth I and English Patriotism | Western Civilization Search here. [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. Have all your study materials in one place. Those who refused to conform to the new Church of England were persecuted. [21], When the Queen's first Parliament opened in January 1559, its chief goal was the difficult task of reaching a religious settlement. The Church of England was Protestant at its core but took the hierarchy from the Catholics by keeping archbishops and bishops. There was a turnover of officials as Elizabeth removed remaining pro-Catholic bishops and, under the 1559 CE Act of Exchange, confiscated their estates (or threatened to if they did not toe the line). The Act of Supremacy became law. They sing the psalms in English, and at certain hours of the day they use organs and music. This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. Elizabethan Church Settlement: An Examination - Western Oregon University [93] It called for the church to be organised according to presbyterian polity. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. Anglicans started to define their Church as a via media or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and low church. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". However, this stance hardened over time. After Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to give Henry an heir to his throne, Henry's eyes wandered! [74] Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. During this time, motets were replaced by anthems,[55] and William Byrd's Great Service was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. When were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed? The Church of England's refusal to adopt the patterns of the Continental Reformed churches deepened conflict between Protestants who desired greater reforms and church authorities who prioritised conformity. [79] The discovery of the Ridolfi plota Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the thronefurther alarmed the English government. Find out with the European Space Agency's groundbreaking mission, Explore how water and the sea seeps into Shakespeare's works with the National Maritime Museum, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, Coronation celebrations at Royal Museums Greenwich, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, Find out how you can use our collections for research, Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe. Failure to attend service resulted in a small fine (which was then given to the poor). Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 02 June 2020. A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. 1559: Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy. During this time, priests said Mass in Latin wearing traditional Catholic vestments. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. and more. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. How successful was the Elizabethan religious settlement? With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. Churchwarden accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The Church of England was then moved even closer towards full Protestantism under Henry's successor, his son Edward VI of England (r. 1547-1553 CE). [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Regardless of how quickly Elizabethan reform spread throughout England, the legislation of the Elizabethan Settlement did stabilize the face of the Church of England. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. One thing Elizabeth did insist upon was to reinstate herself as head of the Church. Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. The Elizabethan religious settlement survived with the attrition of other religious beliefs and practices. Immediately, she established that England was not tied to Rome in any way. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. [38] In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. [112], The Church of England was fundamentally changed. . [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. Cartwright, Mark. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. Web. Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. The collections at Royal Museums Greenwich offer a world-class resource for researching maritime history, astronomy and time. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? The 1588 Marprelate Controversy led to the discovery of the presbyterian organisation that had been built up over the years. Keeping the hierarchy of archbishops and bishops. [40] There were also conflicting directions for the placement of the communion tables that were to replace stone altars. The Elizabethan Settlement established a unified Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559) - Elizabeth I of England The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. [1] Under Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant, projecting a "restrained" Calvinism, in the words of historian Christopher Haigh. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. What did the Elizabethan Religious Settlement do? 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. Elizabeth then set about returning the Church of England to its reformed state as it had been under Edward VI or, if possible, not quite as radical. Immediately after becoming Queen, she created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. [30], The Ornaments Rubric was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize The Religious Settlement was an attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. One of her first acts as queen sought to heal the religious division brought on by the past half-century by treading a middle ground between the two sides: a new united Church of England. Edward died at age seventeen in 1533, and England's official religion suffered dramatic changes again. They went through several revisions and were finalized in 1571 and added to the Book of Common Prayer. Those exiles with ties to John Calvin's reformation in Geneva were notably excluded from consideration. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. Elizabeth . Queen, Government and Religion, 1558-69 | GCSE History Notes [103][104] James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the Five Articles of Perth, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church. Gradually, however, parishes complied as bishops exerted pressure. The priests wear the hood and surplice. When Edward VI died, his sister Mary I became queen. John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Her brief reign sought to return England's church to Catholicism and reconcile with the Pope. [40] These new royal injunctions were meant to fill in the details of the settlement and were to be enforced nationwide by six groups of clerical and lay commissioners. They were not going to waste time on abstract theological debates, but rather get down to the business at hand of finding concrete solutions to the problems of the day. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. Try and produce an argument for your decision by gathering evidence from the article! During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. [86] In general, the bishops considered clerical dress adiaphora and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the churchand herself as Supreme Governorhad authority to determine rites and ceremonies. In 1571, the Thirty-Nine Articles were adopted as a confessional statement for the church, and a Book of Homilies was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. When Parliament reconvened in April, the two issues were presented separately and considerable concessions were made. The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572, and often thereafter, to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national . The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. As for the manner of their service in church and their prayers, except that they say them in the English tongue, one can still recognise a great part of the Mass, which they have limited only in what concerns individual communion. Thank you! [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. The Religious Settlement - GCSE History Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. All clergy and royal office-holders would be required to swear an Oath of Supremacy. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation that provided a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. It can be argued the settlement was successful among ordinary people as there were no widespread religious inspired revolts, unlike under HVIII (drawing comparisons across the Tudor period). The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. The settlement continued the English Reformation which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) whereby the Protestant Church of England split from the Catholic Church led by the Pope in Rome. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs. Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. 2 Church Illustration from the Surrey Archaeological collection 1854. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. This change of title placated those who did not feel that a woman could be the head of the church, and the act passed fairly easily. This would help secure her throne in political terms, too. Elizabeth was seemingly a moderate in religious views and she wished above all to avoid the bloody scenes of executed martyrs that her predecessor had presided over. During the 1560s, this generally proved to be the case with . This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. Elizabeth . [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. Mary died in 1558, and England again faced upheaval in the name of religion. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. The upheaval by yet another major religious reform resulted in rebellion in many English provinces. [99] Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. Nevertheless, many of the features of the Settlement such as replacing altars with communion tables, using English in services, and banning traditional mass services, remained in place over the following centuries and their effects can still be seen on today's Anglican Church. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. She disliked married clergy, held Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial 1549 prayer book. [109] The English Civil War resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. Additionally, today's Anglican Church structure is essentially the same as it was in 1563. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. Although in practical terms, extremist worshippers were largely permitted to pursue their beliefs without interference, some 400 priests did resign as a consequence of the Settlement. Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she took up the articles and gave them to a Convocation of religious leaders for revision for the new Church of England. While most people conformed, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. What historian argued that the Elizabethan reforms were slow to take hold in some regions of England? [46], The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. . Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. [4] The doctrines of purgatory, prayer for the dead and the intercession of saints were also rejected during this time. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. Elizabethan Settlement: Definition & Summary | StudySmarter [34] Edward's second regnal year ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." DOCX WordPress.com Elizabeth I knew that one of her first acts as queen needed to resolve the ongoing confusion about what the Church of England was. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation but it did provide the structure for the Church of England, much of which is still in use today. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia 6 Essay on Thirty Nine Articles of Religion. Unlike the majority of her subjects Elizabeth had no appetite for further reformation . How successful was the Elizabethan settlement within the - MyTutor Choosing to remain Catholic would surrender power to Rome and ally England with other Catholic states, such as France and Spain. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the groundwork for the Elizabethan church. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. [24], The lay peers joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. Why was the Elizabethan religious settlement successful? Consequently, Elizabeth's reforms would have to be introduced with care. It also deleted the Black Rubric, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply Eucharistic adoration. [88], The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term Puritan came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? When Henry died in 1547, the Protestants gained the upper hand. A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. The rebellion was defeated, but it contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treason. As the historian D. Starkey notes, Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in "a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance" (314). 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations.

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